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Commercialisation Opportunities of Microfluidics as Miniaturized Wearable Devices

admin — Wed, 27 Feb 2019 14:38:51 +0000

Microfluidic technology is based on devices capable of handling micro to picolitre amounts of samples, and their applications are diverse ranging from pharmaceuticals, healthcare to the chemical industry. As this technology is being embraced across industries and academic fields, its market value has been steadily increasing into a billion-dollar value. To understand the current and the future market of microfluidics the origin of these “micro-plumbing” devices must be reviewed. Microfluidic technology can first be found in analytic methods such as gas-phase chromatography (GPC), high-pressure liquid (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) driven by technological demands in breakthroughs in molecular biology in the 1980s such as genomics and DNA sequencing¹. Such early key applications lead to the recognition of the high potential of microfluidics to revolutionize billion-dollar markets such as the pharmaceuticals, healthcare and chemical industry. The optimistic evolution of microfluidics is reflected also by its market value which has been steadily growing from USD 1.59 billion² in 2013 to USD 3.6 billion³ in 2017, and it is forecasted to surpass USD 10 billion in 2022³,⁴. These predictions indicate a robust growth for the next coming decades. A demand for microfluidic technology exists worldwide with North America (> 40%) being the largest market followed by Europe (> 30%) and Asia Pacific (~18%), see Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Global microfluidics market. Estimates of global market shares of microfluidics by economic region were estimated from GranViewResearch⁵.

In this global market, the In-Vitro diagnostics represent the largest portion of the microfluidic applications. Furthermore, the large North American market will continue to expand due to the increasing demand for Point-of-Care (POC) devices, many of which may be categorized as medical devices that can be covered by insurance companies. This can slowly be realized by quicker return on investments, the decline of manufacturing costs and further miniaturization of devices³. From these three advantages, miniaturization is key for the potential of microfluidics to become wearable POCs. For instance, microfluidic chips in laboratories are small devices that required large setups that include multiple pumps and syringes; thus, hindering their application as wearable devices. However, wearable devices will be based on non-continuous flow chips that do not need to be plugged to pumps. For example, pocket-size devices already exist to continuously monitor glucose in patients suffering from diabetes helping determine the correct time for insulin injections. The features of these type of devices can be extended to local monitoring/analysis and responsive drug administration. The type of processes that these devices can regulate is enzymatic reactions, detection of antibodies, cells or molecules⁶. Indeed, the prosperous future of microfluidics has attracted large corporations such as Roche, Becton Dickinson and Company and Abbott that are now leaders in Point-of-Care & Clinical and Veterinary diagnostics, with other major vendors such as Fluidigm Corp., Agilent Technologies Inc., Illumina, Inc., and Shimadzu³. Microfluidics also show potential in the cosmetic industry, for example, L’Oréal has recently released the first wearable microfluidics sensor capable of measuring pH for applications in aiding eczema and atopic dermatitis. The invention of microfluidic products starts from accomplishing proof-of-concept device which is later on an integration of different elements. Unquestionably, a steady increase in both scientific publications and patents have been seen filed proving that a genuine interest in developing new technologies exists (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Scientific publications and patents over time. A number of publications and filed patents were calculated from Google Scholar including the word “Microfluidics”.

Unfortunately, the number of microfluidics-based products remains truncated despite a large number of proof-of-concept research and patents. The fact that these are not turned into products fast enough can be attributed to several factors. In academia, microfluidics is still not widely known across scientific fields and their apparent complexity shadowing the advantages prevents other scientists from using them. Additionally, the costs of devices often exceed the benefits of a lab-on-chip. In industry, the initial high capital investments and costly reagents and materials are obvious bottlenecks. As of today, there are no microfluidic systems employed for large scale manufacturing or pharmaceutical products from such systems⁷. Microfluidic technology must be cost-effective and integrable within larger machines to be feasible before reaching industrial applications⁸. Therefore, the areas of opportunity are to foster plug-and-play devices with well-defined standards in which interfacing individual chips are straightforward. On one hand, microfluidic technology needs to integrate into larger and powerful platforms based on the application and the technical aspects required. On the other hand, wearable devices need to be further miniaturized and suitable application niches need to be identified. It is unmistakable that by handling small liquid samples, microfluidics offers an evident potential to lower cost and increase high-throughput applications across industries. In conclusion, the market forecasts of microfluidics are optimistic despite the seemingly slow introduction of new microfluidic products.

^{1. Whitesides, G. M. The Origins and the Future of Microfluidics. Nature 2006, 442 (7101), 368–373. doi.org/10.1038/nature05058.}
^{2. Yetisen, A. K.; Volpatti, L. R. Patent Protection and Licensing in Microfluidics. Lab Chip 2014, 14 (13), 2217–2225. doi.org/10.1039/c4lc00399c.}
^{3. Microfluidics Market – By Material (Ceramics, Polymers), By Components (Microfluidic Chips, Pumps, Needles), By Application (In-Vitro Diagnostics, Pharmaceutical Research, Drug Delivery) – World Forecasts to 2022; 2018.}
^{4. Microfluidics Market by Application (Genomics, Proteomics, Capillary Electrophoresis, IVD (POC, Clinical Diagnostics), Drug Delivery, Microreactor, Lab Tests), Component (Chips, Pump, Needle), Material (Polymer, Glass, Silicon) – Global Forecast to 2023; 2018.}
^{5. Microfluidics Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Application (Pharmaceutical, In Vitro Diagnostics, By Material, By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2018 – 2024; 2018.}
^{6. Bohr, A.; Colombo, S.; Jensen, H. Future of Microfluidics in Research and in the Market. Microfluid. Pharm. Appl.2019, 425–465. doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812659-2.00016-8.}
^{7. Bohr, A.; Colombo, S.; Jensen, H. Future of Microfluidics in Research and in the Market. In Microfluidics for Pharmaceutical Applications; William Andrew Publishing, 2019; pp 425–465. doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812659-2.00016-8.}
^{8. Zambrano, A. Why Hasn’t Microfluidics Reached Consumer Market despite a Huge Number of Academic Inventions and Publications during the Past 15 Years? Microfluidic Circle 2018, No. October.}

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Adrian Zambrano

Adrian Zambrano is a scientist at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics in Germany where he synthesizes protein/polymer scaffolds for micro-droplets and utilizes microfluidics for the encapsulation of enzymatic DNA replicators and other DNA-based assays. He holds a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Paris-Saclay/CNRS and B.Sc. in chemical engineering from the University of Nevada, Reno. His personal interests lie in the commercialization and development of high-throughput assays based on microfluidic technology.

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Why Hasn’t Microfluidics Reached Consumer Market Despite a Huge Number of Academic Inventions and Publications During the Past 15 Years?

admin — Wed, 10 Oct 2018 14:00:37 +0000

For over three decades, a revolutionary impact of microfluidic technology on science and industrial applications has been envisioned; however, such predictions have not been met regardless of a large number of academic publications and even patents. Fervently, the number of publications rose from a few dozen publications per year in 2000 to the thousands in 2012; yet a killer application has not been realized either for academic research nor for the industry¹. The obvious question is why the gap between the proof-of-concept microfluidic development found in these publications and the mainstream market has not yet been breached.

From the economic perspective, the adoption of new technologies must be easily adaptable and cost-effective, unfortunately, these two requirements have not been properly met. Most publications regarding microfluidics are found mostly in engineering journals¹ or in patent form², thus limiting an immediate adoption due to their complexity. However, it’s not to say that microfluidics adoption is not on its way as applications range from chemical synthesis of organics, inorganics polymer particle as well as in emulsions, microencapsulation, steam reforming³ and biochemistry in high-throughput formats². Additionally, part of the easy adoption of microfluidics by industry is to address the technical problem of the complexity of scalability in which complex flow distribution and intricate reaction detection methods are required³,⁴. This latter issue mostly affects large-scale applications of microfluidic reaction technology.

As mentioned before, microfluidic technology must be cost-effective to be feasible, and this must be straightforwardly met when costly and delicate reagents are involved. The obvious advantages provided by microfluidics of small-volumes and precise liquid handling² can provide cost-effective high throughput biochemical assays and diagnostics³. However, to widely implement these technologies, portability, miniaturized and stand-alone lab-on-a-chip devices are still needed². Nevertheless, this remains a largely an unfulfilled vision of the microfluidics community.

Fig. 1. An analogy of the technological development to the modern computer. The blue colour indicates the current transition in technology progress.

To understand the current technological state of microfluidics, I can make an analogy to the history of the digital computer. In my opinion, we are seeing a transition in the technological development of microfluidics where advanced microfluidic chips are now being incorporated into laboratory equipment (Fig. 1). And as mentioned before, such applications are finding their niche in biochemical assays and diagnostics. Once, such device integration is widely adopted, we can expect a fast improvement of multifunctional and high-throughput microfluidics platforms.

Indeed, microfluidics has a large potential to be integrated into powerful platforms. However, the exact timeline of microfluidics fully reaching the consumer market is still hard to predict as it will depend on the demand of small volume handling, cost feasibility based on the application and the technical aspects of the scalability.

^{1. Caicedo, H. H.; Brady, S. T. Microfluidics: The Challenge Is to Bridge the Gap Instead of Looking for a ‘Killer App.’ Trends Biotechnol.2016, 34 (1), 1–3.}
^{2. Chiu, D. T.; deMello, A. J.; Di Carlo, D.; Doyle, P. S.; Hansen, C.; Maceiczyk, R. M.; Wootton, R. C. R. Small but Perfectly Formed? Successes, Challenges, and Opportunities for Microfluidics in the Chemical and Biological Sciences. Chem2017, 2 (2), 201–223.}
^{3. Elvira, K. S.; i Solvas, X. C.; Wootton, R. C. R.; deMello, A. J. The Past, Present and Potential for Microfluidic Reactor Technology in Chemical Synthesis. Nat. Chem.2013, 5 (11), 905–915.}
^{4. Amador, C.; Gavriilidis, A.; Angeli, P. Flow Distribution in Different Microreactor Scale-out Geometries and the Effect of Manufacturing Tolerances and Channel Blockage. Chem. Eng. J.2004, 101 (1–3), 379–390.}

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Adrian Zambrano

The post Why Hasn’t Microfluidics Reached Consumer Market Despite a Huge Number of Academic Inventions and Publications During the Past 15 Years? appeared first on The MicroFluidic Circle.