Orally administered drugs encounter several biological barriers before reaching systemic circulation. They must cross the intestinal epithelium, interact with transporters and metabolic enzymes, and subsequently undergo hepatic metabolism. Conventional cell cultures typically examine these processes separately, while animal models may not fully reproduce human drug...
Cell membrane damage is deeply connected to many diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. The plasma membrane controls transport, signaling, ion balance, and cellular homeostasis, so even subtle changes in membrane integrity can have major biological consequences. The challenge is that many...
Understanding how cells decode signals from their environment is a central challenge in biology. One such pathway, NF-κB signaling, governs immune responses and inflammation. Traditional studies usually apply static doses of cytokines, but in living tissues, signals are anything but static—they fluctuate in strength...
Skin diseases like atopic dermatitis and psoriasis have been linked to gut health, yet the mechanisms behind this gut–skin connection remain poorly understood. Clinical evidence suggests that an imbalance in gut microbes (dysbiosis) can disrupt the intestinal barrier, leading to skin inflammation. However, it...
Precise diagnosis of infectious diseases is often hindered by a lack of accessible biomarkers that can distinguish between active and past infections. While antibody levels are commonly measured, they typically fail to provide this distinction, especially in endemic contexts where antibodies can persist long...