Plant roots continuously respond to the physical and chemical conditions around them, yet the effects of fluid flow on root development remain difficult to study quantitatively. Conventional soil and hydroponic experiments provide limited control over the mechanical forces experienced by individual roots, particularly at the...
Studying interactions between bacteria and mammalian cells is important for understanding the microbiome, infection, inflammation, and other biological processes. However, recreating these interactions in vitro is challenging because the two cell types have very different culture requirements. Mammalian cells often need an adhesive matrix, while...
Cell membrane damage is deeply connected to many diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. The plasma membrane controls transport, signaling, ion balance, and cellular homeostasis, so even subtle changes in membrane integrity can have major biological consequences. The challenge is that many...
Understanding how sperm reach the egg is still one of the most fascinating problems in reproductive biology. Inside the female reproductive tract, sperm face a highly structured and fluid-rich environment filled with narrow passages, folds, and mucus-like fluids. While hyperactivation, a change in swimming...
Assessing which embryos have the highest chance of successful implantation remains a major challenge in assisted reproduction. Current clinical practice relies heavily on morphological grading, which is subjective and often fails to accurately predict developmental potential. While metabolite analysis of embryo culture media offers...